African languages belong to the afroasiatic, nilosaharan, nigercongo, khoe, austronesian and indoeuropean language families. Reanalysis definition and meaning collins english dictionary. Grammaticalization and reanalysis in african languages. Whether youve loved the book or not, if you give your honest and detailed thoughts then people will find new books that are right for them. Extending the concept of grammaticalization to a variety of language spoken in africa, givon suggested that the syntax of a language determines the. This article presents the first study of crosslinguistic variation in grammaticalization processes affecting. In the 1980s and 1990s, grammaticalization research brought forth a number of intriguing proposals concerning the directionality of extension and change between case functions, i. It offers readers who work through it one possible outline for a. The agencys concern about suicide risk resulted from a reanalysis of antidepressant clinical. It is divided into five parts, of which the first two are devoted to theory and method, the third and fourth to work in linguistic domains, classes, and cateogories, and the fifth to case studies of grammaticalization in a range of languages. Minimalist parameters consist of choices of feature specifications as the child acquires a lexicon, as in borer 1984, dubbed the borer chomsky conjecture by baker 2008. Some languages have only a few demonstrative particles, which they employ in a variety of syntactic contexts for a wide range of semantic and.
Within the trajectoire project, motion sentences were elicited using. C hristopher h all is a linguist and a consultant with culturepoint, llc. With over 215 languages, language scientific supports almost any language. This work focussed on african languages synchronically from the point of view of grammaticalization. The prototypical instance of language change called grammaticalization is a change where a word with independent content, preferably of one of the main lexical. Facttype complements in gbe and the surinamese creoles. Thus, the notion of grammaticalization presented above completely ignores issues arising through language contact. In manda, a negative imperative is expressed by the auxiliary kotok, with the lexical meaning leave. On the relationship between grammaticalization and reanalysis. Facttype complements in gbe and the surinamese creoles facttype complements in gbe and the surinamese creoles migge, bettina.
The authors demonstrate that nigga is unspecified for race, gender, or humanness. Extending the concept of grammaticalization to a variety of language spoken in africa, givon suggested that the syntax of a language determines the morphosyntactics of the a xal morphology that eventually evolves givon w97 w. It also reveals why the resulting new units in language morphemes, constructions, words are often abstract and in. One areal feature of east and southeast asian languages is the grammaticalization of an augmentativediminutive pair from the nominals mother and child, respectively matisoff 1992. This site is like a library, use search box in the widget to get ebook that you want. The signalling of social distance in african languages.
The notion of substrate language had not been hitherto unknown, but it was. This is also the case in manda, an understudied southern tanzanian bantu language. The phenomenon of socalled serial verbs was first described for african languages. It is divided into five parts, of which the first two are devoted to theory and method, the third and fourth to work in linguistic domains, classes, and cateogories, and the fifth to case studies of. Using data from a wide variety of languages, grammaticalization is shown to have. All languages have demonstratives, but their form, meaning and use vary tremendously across the languages of the world.
The grammaticalization channels of evidentials and modal. Section 4 offers a detailed account of the semantic reanalysis of german fast 1 solid, tight to fast 2. If we are to talk about the boundary between linguisticity and nonlinguisticity then we must include some remarks about grammaticalization because the study of it can provide a more finegrained boundary. Variation in the grammaticaliz ation of complementizers from. Variation in the grammaticaliz ation of complementizers. Read categorial reanalysis and the origin of the sovx word order in mande, journal of african languages and linguistics on deepdyve, the largest online rental service for scholarly research with thousands of academic publications available at your fingertips. The papers gathered here offer both theoretical proposals of more general scope and indepth studies of languagespecific cases of meaning change in particular notional domains. This paper is concerned with changes on the level of morphology in grammaticalization and degrammaticalization. It is shown that grammaticalization and first language acquisition frequently involve the same semantic changes. Grammaticalization and the areal factor the perspective. Pdf grammaticalization and reanalysis in african languages. Grammar and grammaticalization in manda an analysis of the. Grammaticalization refers to the change whereby lexical terms and constructions serve grammatical functions in certain linguistic contexts and, once grammaticalized, continue to develop new grammatical functions. The study of grammaticalization raises a number of fundamental theoretical issues pertaining to the relation of langue and parole, creativity and automatic coding, synchrony and diachrony, categoriality and continua, typological characteristics and languagespecific forms, etc.
Describing morphosyntax download ebook pdf, epub, tuebl. Originally trained at the university of rochester, focusing on romance languages, he now has a primary research focus on sociophonetics, morphosyntax, and identity construction in african american language. Grammaticalization and reanalysis in african languages 1984, with. They argue that there are multiple nwords, fulfilling different grammatical and social functions. In sranan the word taki, derived from english talk, is used as a complementizer. One example of such a bantu language is manda, spoken on the eastern shores. We argue that gbe languages influenced the grammar of creole complements. Consider the following example, from an older period of chinese. The grammaticalization of tense and aspect in tok pisin and. Ebook describing morphosyntax as pdf download portable. The article starts by describing grammaticalizationa kind of language change on basis of examples.
The handbook provides a full, critical assessment of every aspect of this research. Grammaticalization and semantic reanalysis regine eckardt. View grammaticalization research papers on academia. Features in reanalysis and grammaticalization elly van. Arabic, somali, berber, amharic, oromo, swahili, hausa, igbo and yoruba.
My sincerest appreciation for taking your time to answer sometimes long and complicated questions about your languages of expertise, robert botne, nobuko yoneda, gastor mapunda, heidrun kroger, bastian persohn and amani lusekelo. Describing morphosyntax top results of your surfing describing morphosyntax start download portable document format pdf and ebooks electronic books free online rating news 20162017 is books that can provide inspiration, insight, knowledge to the reader. This variation can be addressed in relation to language external social variables sociolinguistics and language internal forces of change lexicalization and grammaticalization. Desemanticization by this process, a lexical item receives a second, nonlexical function, which may ultimately become its only function. Chapter 3 is devoted to specific problems of african rnann, ulrike mosel, and fritz. This blueprint was inherited from the substrate languages and applied to the word forms of the lexifier language. This article presents the first study of crosslinguistic variation in grammaticalization processes affecting verba dicendi in sinitic languages, making use of discourse data in the comparison.
Some languages have only a few demonstrative particles, which they employ in a variety of syntactic contexts for a wide range of semantic and pragmatic functions. The postdeterminer construction is the result of reanalysis of the binominal construction denison 2002. Other readers will always be interested in your opinion of the books youve read. We reject the view that internal grammaticalization led to. Extending the concept of grammaticalization to a variety of language spoken. The grammaticalization of tense and aspect in tok pisin. African american vernacular english aave is developing a class of previously undescribed function words, facilitated by the semantic generalization of the word nigga. In his grammar of ewe published in german in 1907, for. Variation, lexicalization and grammaticalization in signed.
Bernd heine, professor of african languages at the university of. Verbs occurring with no tense markers are thus not marked with zero, but constitute the historical residue of an earlier stage of the languages in which tense marking of the superstrate languages had not been transmitted and the creole markers had not yet evolved. Paul hopper and elizabeth traugott synthesize research from several areas of linguistics in this revised introduction to the subject. Sep 01, 2011 read categorial reanalysis and the origin of the sovx word order in mande, journal of african languages and linguistics on deepdyve, the largest online rental service for scholarly research with thousands of academic publications available at your fingertips. Grammaticalization, the process of converting regular lexical items and structures into conventionally interpreted grammatical morphemes, has tradition. The function of yalis sitting as an auxiliary verb like appears to be the result of a grammaticalization process, as certain principles of grammaticalization such as desemanticization, extension, and decategorialization were found to apply to it. Two steps in the evolution of language elly van gelderen 6 september 2006 grammaticalization is an easily observable process in the history of languages and has therefore frequently been seen as involved in the evolution of language from. The detailed information of the distribution of african languages by country can be found in ethnologue. Reanalysis definition of reanalysis by the free dictionary. Features in reanalysis and grammaticalization 1 others, on the other hand, attribute as little as possible to the role of parameters and to universal grammar in general. We translate and localize tofrom over 215 languages, and we interpret intofrom over 150 languages, including all the major european, asian, american, african, indian and middle eastern languages.
The analyses include data from english, several romance languages. Pdf questions about diachronic change as it relates to tense and aspect ta range. In the extreme case of language contact represented by creole languages, some have questioned whether grammaticalization takes place at all in such cases. Link to a paper by anthony aristar and helen dry on the role of deixis in grammaticalization. The oxford handbook of grammaticalization heiko narrog. In nyakyusa and kinga, where kotok still reflects the original semantics, it remains a solely lexical word. These three approaches can be accounted for in a similar way and i offer an account of gradual change using a. Click download or read online button to get describing morphosyntax book now. May 01, 20 facttype complements in gbe and the surinamese creoles facttype complements in gbe and the surinamese creoles migge, bettina. Language scientific is a fullservice corporate language services provider. However, formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study. Apr 29, 2016 the paper analyses a hitherto ignored case of contactinduced grammaticalization, which consists in the creation of new verb particles expressing the path of motion in a regional variant of romanian, under the influence of neighbour language hungarian. This brief description of the grammaticalization of the swahili completive aspect marker sha. Abstractit is common both crosslinguistically and specifically in bantu languages for the prohibitive to be formed by a construction consisting of a cessative verb in collocation with a nonfinite verb.
The phenomenon had been noted in african languages by lord 91, 92. Reanalysis linguistics or folk etymology, change in a word or phrase resulting from the replacement of an unfamiliar form by a more familiar one rebracketing, a process where a word originally derived from one. An extra thank you, hazel gray, for sharing kisi data as well as thoughts and data on manda. But there is no uptodate, reasonably comprehensive, basic introduction to african languages in english.
Grammaticalization cambridge textbooks in linguistics. A long article about grammaticalization of adpositions in spanish and portuguese based creoles. Variation in the grammaticaliz ation of complementizers from verba dicendi in sinitic languages. The grammaticalization of kotok into a negative marker. Doctoral dissertation in african languages at the university of gothenburg, september 30, 2017. Translation and localization of african languages language.
Grammatical reanalysis and the multiple nwords in african. Another important work was heine and rehs grammaticalization and reanalysis in african languages 1984. The grammaticalization of tense and aspect in tok pisin and sranan volume 2 issue 3 gillian sankoff. Using data from a wide variety of languages, grammaticalization is shown to. Desemantization of functional grammatical causatives. The grammaticalization of kotok into a negative marker in manda. The type noun is demoted from head status, and the string sortkind of forms together with the primary determiner a complex determiner, as in 2, in which this reanalysis is overtly reflected by the lack of concord between these and kind. They saw grammaticalization as an important tool for describing the workings of languages and their universal aspects and it provided an. Reanalysis linguistics or folk etymology, change in a word or phrase resulting from the replacement of an unfamiliar form by a more familiar one rebracketing, a process where a word originally derived from one source is broken down into a different set of factors. Describing morphosyntax download ebook pdf, epub, tuebl, mobi. An analysis of the wider tam domain in a tanzanian bantu.
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